Scar revision surgery

Scars are a natural part of the body’s healing process, but they can sometimes cause discomfort, limit mobility, or be aesthetically unappealing. This can have a detrimental psychological impact. Scar treatment and revision aim to improve the appearance and texture of scars, alleviate any associated pain, itching, burning, redness or raised contours and restore normal function to the affected area. With advances in medical technology and skincare, there are now various options available to address scarring, including topical treatments, injectable and surgical interventions.

The primary goal of scar treatment and revision is to help patients achieve a more desirable appearance and improved functionality in the affected area. Scars cannot be made to “disappear”, but significant improvement can be achieved through a combination of treatments tailored to the individual’s needs and the type of scar involved.

Understanding the underlying cause and type of scar is crucial for determining the most effective treatment option. Some scars may respond well to non-invasive therapies such as topical creams or gels, while others may require more invasive interventions, like injections or surgery. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be necessary to achieve optimal results.

Overview of Treatment Options

Scar treatment options have evolved significantly over the years, allowing for more targeted and effective approaches to address various types of scars. Each treatment option offers distinct advantages and limitations, making it essential to understand their differences to choose the most suitable approach for your specific needs. Here is an overview of the main categories of scar treatment options:

1 Topical treatments: Topical treatments are non-invasive and can be easily applied to the scarred area. They are typically the first line of treatment for mild to moderate scarring and are available in various forms, such as gels, creams, ointments, and silicone sheets. Topical treatments work by hydrating the scar tissue, reducing inflammation, and promoting skin cell turnover. Some common topical treatments include silicone gel sheets and corticosteroids. Massage and moisturisation of new scars can help soften them. Scars can take 18 months to 2 years to mature. New scars are more susceptible to sun exposure.

2 Injection treatments: Injections are a minimally invasive option for treating scars, particularly hypertrophic and keloid scars. They involve the administration of substances directly into the scar tissue to reduce inflammation, break down excess collagen, and improve the overall appearance of the scar. The most common types of injections include steroid injections, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injections, and hyaluronic acid filler injections.

3 Scar revision surgery: For more severe or complex scarring, surgical intervention may be necessary. Scar revision surgery aims to remove or reposition scar tissue and improve the appearance and functionality of the affected area. Various surgical techniques can be employed, such as scar excision, reduction, skin grafts, Z-plasty, W-plasty, and laser surgery. The choice of technique depends on the type, size, and location of the scar, as well as the patient’s overall health and desired outcome.

Types of scars

Scars can form for various reasons, such as injuries, surgery, burns, or skin conditions like acne. The healing process and the appearance of the resulting scar depend on factors such as the severity of the injury, the individual’s skin type, and age. There are several types of scars, each with distinct characteristics:

1 Keloid scars: Keloid scars are raised, thick, and often discolored scars that extend beyond the original wound’s boundaries. They result from an overproduction of collagen during the healing process and can continue to grow over time. Keloid scars are more common in individuals with darker skin tones and can develop after even minor skin injuries.

2 Hypertrophic scars: Similar to keloid scars, hypertrophic scars are also raised and thick but do not extend beyond the original wound’s boundaries. They are characterized by an overproduction of collagen but are usually less severe than keloid scars. Hypertrophic scars can appear red, pink, or purple and may become lighter and flatter over time.

3 Atrophic scars: Atrophic scars are indented or sunken scars that result from a loss of collagen or other supporting structures in the skin. They are commonly associated with acne, chickenpox, or other skin conditions that damage the underlying skin layers. Atrophic scars can be further classified into ice pick scars, boxcar scars, and rolling scars based on their shape and depth.

4 Scar contracture: As a wound heals, scars can contract and tighten. These scars can restrict movement and function. They can appear shiny and tight, depending on the extent of the skin contraction. They are often seen in people with burns or where there is a loss of skin. Scar contractures can be addressed with specialist plastic surgery techniques to release them or with skin grafts if there is an extensive area of skin loss causing the contracture.

Causes of scarring

Scars are a natural part of the body’s healing process and can form as a result of various factors. When the skin is injured, the body produces collagen to repair the damage. Sometimes, the body produces too much or too little collagen, leading to the formation of a scar. Here are some common causes of scarring:

1 Injuries: Cuts, scrapes, and other types of skin injuries can lead to scarring, particularly if the wound is deep or takes a long time to heal. The severity of the injury and the individual’s skin type can also affect the resulting scar’s appearance.

2 Surgery: Surgical procedures, including elective cosmetic surgery, cause scarring due to incisions made in the skin. The size and location of the incision, the surgeon’s skill, tissue handling, suture technique and scar orientation and the individual’s healing abilities can influence the appearance of surgical scars.

3 Burns: Burns can cause scarring, particularly if they affect a large area of skin or penetrate deep into the skin layers. Burns can result in contracture scars, which cause the skin to contract and tighten during the healing process, causing a contracture potentially restricting movement and function.

4 Acne and other skin conditions: Acne, chickenpox, and other skin conditions can cause scarring, particularly if the individual picks at or excessively irritates the affected areas. These conditions can lead to atrophic scars, which appear indented or sunken in the skin.

5 Infections: Infections that cause skin damage, such as bacterial or fungal infections, can lead to scarring. The severity of the infection and the individual’s immune response can affect the scar’s appearance.

6 Insect bites and stings: Insect bites and stings can cause scarring if they result in a skin reaction or if the individual scratches or picks at the affected area.

7 Genetic factors: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to develop certain types of scars, such as keloid or hypertrophic scars, even after minor skin injuries. In these cases, scarring may occur more easily or be more pronounced than in individuals without this predisposition.

Factors affecting scar formation

Several factors can influence the formation and appearance of scars, making each person’s experience with scarring unique. Understanding these factors can help determine the most effective treatment options and set realistic expectations for the outcomes of scar revision procedures. Here are some factors that can affect scar formation:

1 Depth and size of the wound: Deeper and larger wounds generally result in more pronounced scarring as they require more collagen production to repair the damage. These scars may take longer to heal and can have a greater impact on the skin’s appearance.

2 Location of the injury: The location of the injury can influence scar formation, as certain areas of the body may be more prone to scarring due to factors such as skin tension or constant movement. For example, scars on joints or areas of high tension may be more visible and take longer to heal. Scars around the shoulder/presternal area are prone to more obvious scarring.

3 Age: Younger individuals generally have a more robust healing response, which can sometimes result in more pronounced scarring. Conversely, older individuals may experience slower healing and thinner or less flexible scar tissue due to a decrease in collagen production.

4 Skin type: Different skin types can affect the way scars form and appear. For example, individuals with darker skin tones are more prone to developing keloid scars, while those with fair skin may be more susceptible to hypertrophic scars.

5 Genetics: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to develop certain types of scars, such as keloid or hypertrophic scars. This can make scarring more likely or more pronounced, even after minor skin injuries.

6 Infection: Infections can prolong the healing process and increase the likelihood of scarring. Proper wound care is essential to prevent infection and minimize the risk of scarring.

7 Smoking: Smoking can negatively affect the body’s ability to heal, leading to slower wound healing and an increased risk of scarring.

8 Nutrition: Adequate nutrition is essential for proper wound healing and scar formation. A diet rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin C, zinc, and protein, can support the body’s healing process and minimize scarring.

9 Wound care: Proper wound care can play a significant role in scar formation. Keeping the wound clean, moist, and protected can promote healing and reduce the risk of infection, which can lead to more pronounced scarring.

Topical Scar Treatments

Topical treatments are a non-invasive and convenient way to address mild to moderate scarring. These treatments can be easily applied to the affected area and usually have minimal side effects. Topical treatments work by hydrating the scar tissue, reducing inflammation, and promoting skin cell turnover. Here are some common types of topical scar treatments:

1 Silicone gel sheets and creams: Silicone gel sheets and creams are among the most widely used and well-researched topical treatments for scars. They work by creating a protective barrier that helps maintain moisture and improve the scar’s appearance and texture. Silicone treatments are particularly effective for hypertrophic and keloid scars, as they can help reduce redness, itching, and discomfort.

2 Topical corticosteroids: Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medications that can help reduce inflammation and promote healing in scar tissue. They are available in various strengths and formulations, such as creams, ointments, and gels. Topical corticosteroids are often used to treat hypertrophic and keloid scars, but they should be used under a doctor’s supervision to minimize potential side effects.

3 Topical retinoids: Retinoids are derived from vitamin A and can help promote skin cell turnover and collagen production. They can improve the appearance of scars by reducing discoloration and promoting a smoother, more even skin texture. Topical retinoids are often used for atrophic scars, such as those caused by acne, but they may cause skin irritation and should be used under a doctor’s supervision.

Injection Treatments

Injection treatments are a minimally invasive option for addressing various types of scars, particularly hypertrophic and keloid scars. They involve administering substances directly into the scar tissue to reduce inflammation, break down excess collagen, and improve the scar’s overall appearance. The most common types of injection treatments for scars include:

1 Steroid injections: Corticosteroid injections are one of the most common and effective injection treatments for scars. They work by reducing inflammation, breaking down excess collagen, and suppressing scar tissue growth. Steroid injections are particularly effective for hypertrophic and keloid scars, as they can help reduce redness, itching, and discomfort. Injections are typically administered every 4-6 weeks until the desired results are achieved. Side effects may include skin thinning, leading to a contour deformity, or changes in pigmentation (whitening of the skin) at the injection site.

2 Hyaluronic acid filler injections: Hyaluronic acid fillers are primarily used for cosmetic purposes, such as filling in wrinkles or adding volume to the face. However, they can also be used to treat atrophic scars, such as those caused by acne or chickenpox, by raising the scar tissue to the level of the surrounding skin. Results are temporary, usually lasting a few months, and the treatment may need to be repeated to maintain the desired effect.

Scar Revision Surgery

For more severe or complex scarring, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove or reposition scar tissue and improve the appearance and functionality of the affected area. Scar revision surgery aims to minimize the scar’s visibility, enhance the surrounding skin’s appearance, and restore normal function to the affected area. Various surgical techniques can be employed, and the choice of technique depends on the type, size, and location of the scar, as well as the patient’s overall health and desired outcome. Some common scar revision surgery techniques include:

1 Scar excision: This technique involves surgically removing the scar tissue and then closing the wound with fine sutures to minimize the new scar’s appearance. Scar excision is often used for wide or irregularly shaped scars that can be replaced with a thinner, less noticeable scar.

2 Scar reduction: In this technique, the surgeon removes a portion of the scar tissue, reducing its size and making it less visible. This method is particularly useful for large or extensive scars that cannot be fully excised.

3 Skin grafts: Skin grafts involve importing healthy skin from one part of the body to improve the scarred area after excision of the scar. This technique is typically used for extensive scars or those resulting from burns or other severe injuries. Skin grafts may require multiple surgeries and can result in a patchwork appearance, but they can significantly improve the scar’s appearance and functionality. The area from which the skin is taken is called the donor site. This leaves a separate scar.

4 Z-plasty and W-plasty: These techniques involve repositioning the scar tissue by creating a series of interlocking Z- or W-shaped incisions. This approach helps to break up the linear appearance of the scar, align the scar with the natural skin tension lines, and improve the scar’s overall appearance. Z- and W-plasty techniques are particularly useful for scars located near joints or in areas where skin tension is high.

5 Laser surgery: Laser surgery can be used to resurface the skin and reduce the appearance of scars. Various types of lasers can be used to target different layers of the skin, stimulate collagen production, and promote a smoother, more even skin texture.

Post-surgery care

Proper post-surgery care is crucial to ensure optimal healing and minimize the risk of complications or the development of new scars. Following the surgeon’s instructions and taking appropriate steps to care for the surgical site can significantly impact the overall success of the scar revision surgery. Here are some general guidelines for post-surgery care:

1 Keep the surgical site clean and dry: Follow your surgeon’s instructions regarding wound cleaning and dressing changes. Keeping the surgical site clean and dry can help prevent infection and promote healing.

2 Avoid sun exposure: Protect the surgical site from direct sunlight, as sun exposure can cause the scar to become redder, darker or more noticeable. Wear sunscreen with a high SPF, cover the area with clothing, or stay in the shade when outdoors.

3 Follow medication guidelines: Take any prescribed medications, such as antibiotics or pain relievers, as directed by your surgeon. Do not use over-the-counter medications or creams without consulting your surgeon, as they may interfere with the healing process or cause skin irritation.

4 Manage swelling and discomfort: Some swelling and discomfort are normal after scar revision surgery. Elevating the affected area, using cold compresses, and taking prescribed pain relievers can help alleviate these symptoms. Contact your surgeon if you experience severe pain, increased swelling, or other concerning symptoms.

5 Limit movement and avoid tension: Avoid strenuous activities or movements that may put tension on the surgical site, as this can interfere with healing and potentially worsen the scar’s appearance. Follow your surgeon’s recommendations regarding activity restrictions and gradually resume normal activities as directed.

6 Wear compression garments or silicone sheets: Depending on the type of surgery and the location of the scar, your surgeon may recommend wearing compression garments or silicone sheets to provide support, minimize swelling, and improve the scar’s appearance during the healing process.

7 Attend follow-up appointments: Attend all follow-up appointments with your surgeon to monitor the healing process and address any concerns or complications that may arise. Your surgeon may also provide additional recommendations for scar care and management during these visits.

8 Be patient with the healing process: Scar revision surgery can take several months to heal fully, and the final appearance of the scar may not be apparent until a year or two after the surgery. Be patient with the healing process and maintain realistic expectations about the surgery’s outcome.

Following proper post-surgery care can significantly impact the success of your scar revision surgery and help you achieve the best possible results. Always consult with your surgeon to discuss any concerns or questions you may have about the post-surgery care process.

Complications

1 Infection: Infections can occur at the surgical site, causing redness, swelling, and discharge. Infections can delay the healing process and potentially worsen scarring. Proper wound care and taking prescribed antibiotics if indicated can help minimize the risk of infection.

2 Bleeding: Excessive bleeding may occur during or after surgery, leading to haematoma formation (a collection of blood outside the blood vessels). In some cases, additional surgery may be required to remove the blood clot.

3 Poor wound healing: In some cases, the surgical site may not heal properly, leading to a widened or thickened scar. Factors such as smoking, poor nutrition, and underlying health conditions can negatively impact wound healing.

4 Recurrence of the original scar: Despite the surgeon’s efforts to minimize scarring, the original scar may reappear or even worsen after surgery, particularly for hypertrophic or keloid scars.

5 Changes in skin sensation: Numbness, tingling, or changes in skin sensation may occur at the surgical site. While these changes are usually temporary, they can be permanent in some cases.

6 Skin discoloration: The surgical site may become discoloured, either lighter or darker than the surrounding skin. This discoloration may be temporary or permanent, depending on the individual and the type of surgery.

7 Asymmetry: Scarring or changes in the skin’s appearance may lead to asymmetry or an uneven appearance, particularly if the surgery is performed on a cosmetically sensitive area of the body.

8 Dissatisfaction with the results: While scar revision surgery can significantly improve the appearance of scars, it’s essential to maintain realistic expectations about the procedure’s outcomes. Some patients may be dissatisfied with the results, particularly if complications occur or if the surgery does not achieve the desired improvement in scar appearance.

By discussing potential complications with your surgeon, you can make an informed decision about whether scar revision surgery is right for you. Choosing an experienced and qualified Plastic Surgeon and following post-surgery care instructions can also help minimize the risk of complications and ensure the best possible results.

Results and expectations

Scar revision surgery can significantly improve the appearance and functionality of scarred areas. However, it’s essential to have realistic expectations about the procedure’s outcomes to avoid disappointment and dissatisfaction. Here are some key points to consider regarding the results and expectations of scar revision surgery:

1 Improvement, not elimination: Scar revision surgery aims to improve the appearance and functionality of scars, but it’s important to understand that it cannot completely erase a scar. The surgery can make the scar less noticeable, but some degree of scarring will remain.

2 Individual variation: The success of scar revision surgery depends on factors such as the type and location of the scar, the patient’s skin type and overall health, and the surgeon’s skill. Results can vary widely between individuals, so it’s essential to discuss your specific situation with your surgeon to develop a clear understanding of what can be achieved.

3 Time for healing: The healing process after scar revision surgery can take several months, and the final appearance of the scar may not be apparent until a year or two after the surgery. Be patient with the healing process and avoid comparing your progress to others, as each individual’s healing timeline may differ.

4 Potential complications: As with any surgery, there are potential risks and complications associated with scar revision surgery. Discuss these risks with your surgeon and consider how they may impact your expectations and satisfaction with the procedure.

5 Follow-up care and additional treatments: In some cases, additional treatments or procedures may be required to achieve the desired results. This may include further surgery, injections, or topical treatments. It’s essential to attend follow-up appointments and follow your surgeon’s recommendations for post-surgery care and additional treatments.

6 Psychological impact: Scars can have a significant psychological impact, affecting self-esteem and confidence. Scar revision surgery can improve the appearance of scars and have positive psychological as well as functional benefits.

By maintaining realistic expectations about the outcomes of scar revision surgery and discussing your specific situation with your surgeon, you can make an informed decision about whether the procedure is right for you. Remember that the ultimate goal is to improve the scar’s appearance and functionality, not to achieve perfection.

Questions?

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    Derby Private Health
    Royal Derby Hospital
    Uttoxeter New Road
    Derby
    DE22 3NE
    01332 785200